Programming Languages: Mastery of programming languages like Python, Java, Ruby, PHP, Node.js, or others, depending on the technology stack.

Server Environment: Proficiency in server environments like Apache, Nginx, or Microsoft IIS for hosting and serving web applications.

Database Management Systems: Understanding of relational databases (e.g. MySQL, PostgreSQL) and NoSQL databases (e.g. MongoDB, Redis) for data storage.

API Development Tools: Familiarity with tools like Swagger, Postman, or Insomnia for designing, testing, and documenting APIs.

Version Control Systems: Skill in using Git and platforms like GitHub or GitLab for version control and collaborative development.

Command-Line Tools: Proficiency in command-line interfaces (CLI) for server management, database operations, and code deployment.

Web Servers and Deployment: Knowledge of deploying applications using tools like Docker, Kubernetes, Heroku, AWS, or Microsoft Azure.

Security Tools and Practices: Understanding of security tools and best practices, including encryption, authentication, and vulnerability assessment.

Caching Mechanisms: Familiarity with caching tools like Memcached or Redis for improving application performance and reducing database load.

API Authentication and Authorization: Knowledge of OAuth, JWT, and other authentication methods to secure APIs.

Web Application Frameworks: Proficiency in frameworks like Django (Python), Spring (Java), Ruby on Rails (Ruby), Express (Node.js), etc.

Serverless Architecture: Basic understanding of serverless computing platforms like AWS Lambda, Azure Functions, or Google Cloud Functions.

Testing and Debugging Tools: Familiarity with tools like JUnit, PHPUnit, and debugging tools for identifying and fixing issues.

Task Runners and Build Tools: Proficiency in tools like Grunt, Gulp, or Webpack for automating build processes and tasks.

Continuous Integration/Continuous Deployment Tools: Basic knowledge of CI/CD tools like Jenkins, Travis CI, or CircleCI for automating deployment pipelines.

Monitoring and Logging Tools: Understanding of tools like New Relic, Datadog, or ELK stack for monitoring and logging application performance.

Shell Scripting: Basic knowledge of shell scripting (e.g., Bash) for automating repetitive tasks and server management.

API Documentation Tools: Familiarity with tools like Swagger UI or Postman for creating and maintaining API documentation.

Server-Side Logic: Develop and implement server-side logic, databases, APIs, and other back-end processes to ensure smooth data handling and application functionality.

Database Management: Design and manage databases, including schema creation, optimization, and querying to store and retrieve data efficiently.

API Development: Build robust and well-documented APIs (Application Programming Interfaces) for seamless communication between front-end and back-end systems.

Security Measures: Implement security protocols, encryption, and authentication mechanisms to protect sensitive data and prevent unauthorised access.

Performance Optimization: Optimise server and database performance, identifying bottlenecks and implementing solutions for improved speed and scalability.

Code Maintenance: Debug, troubleshoot, and maintain the existing codebase, ensuring it remains up-to-date and functional over time.

Version Control: Utilise version control systems like Git to manage code changes, collaborate with team members, and track revisions.

Server Configuration: Configure and manage server environments, including deployment, scaling, and ensuring high availability of applications.

Integration: Integrate third-party services, tools, and APIs to extend application functionality and enhance user experience.

Collaboration: Collaborate with front-end developers, designers, and other team members to deliver cohesive end-to-end solutions and meet project goals.

Concurrency Handling: Proficiency in managing concurrent processes and handling multi-threading to ensure efficient resource utilization and scalability.

Microservices Architecture: Experience in designing, developing, and maintaining microservices-based architectures to create scalable and modular systems.

DevOps Practices: Familiarity with DevOps principles, automation, and tools for continuous integration (CI) and continuous deployment (CD) pipelines.

Containerisation: Knowledge of containerization technologies like Docker to package, deploy, and manage applications and services in isolated environments.

Cloud Services: Experience working with cloud platforms such as AWS, Azure, or Google Cloud to deploy and manage scalable applications in the cloud.